5A materials scientist is calibrating a bio-integrated sensor that measures pollutant concentration. The sensors output voltage $ V $ is linearly related to the pollutant concentration $ C $ (in ppm) by the equation $ V = mC + b $. When $ C = 4 $ ppm, $ V = 1.2 $ volts, and when $ C = 10 $ ppm, $ V = 3.0 $ volts. What is the voltage output when $ C = 7 $ ppm?

Mon, 04 May 2026 02:41:37 +0000

**Understanding How Pollutant Sensors Translate Chemical Concentration to Voltage** In an era focused on clean air and environmental safety, 5A materials scientists are increasingly central to developing advanced bio-integrated sensors capable of detecting pollutants at trace levels. These sensors convert invisible contaminants into measurable electrical signals, offering a powerful tool for real-time environmental monitoring. At the core of this technology lies a precise linear relationship: voltage output $ V $ varies directly with the pollutant concentration $ C $ in parts per million (ppm). Known equations help turn molecular presence into actionable data—starting with well-documented measurements from calibrated devices. When the sensor reads $ C = 4 $ ppm, the output is $ V = 1.2 $ volts; at $ C = 10 $ ppm, the voltage rises to $ V = 3.0 $ volts. Understanding how these values connect reveals critical insights into sensor accuracy, calibration, and real-world performance. Calculating the intermediate voltage at $ C = 7 $ ppm helps demystify the reliability of environmental data—especially important as public awareness grows around air quality and safety. **Why Real-Time Pollutant Monitoring Matters**